How to Escape from a Bear

如何应对狗熊的攻击How to Escape from a Bear

狗熊是大自然最可爱的动物之一，能够与之相遇是一件极为难忘的宝贵经历。然而，当你近距离与它面对面时，却不禁感到恐慌。幸运的是，人类虽然不断地进入狗熊的领地，但被攻击和受伤害的事件却极为罕见。但狗熊毕竟是极为庞大的野生动物，任何人遇见她都会被吓得半死。但不用担心，以下步骤可以帮助你应对向你走来的狗熊。

Bears are among nature’s most majestic creatures, and seeing one in the wild is an  unforgettable experience. Get too close, however, and your encounter with a bear can be more terrifying than awe-inspiring. Fortunately, despite humans’ continued encroachment into “bear country," attacks on people are rare, and fatalities are even rarer. Still, bears are immense, powerful wild animals, and any meeting between bears and humans can potentially turn deadly. Do you know what to do if you find yourself face to face with a bear? Read on, and hike safely.

   步骤1Steps 1                                  

避免近距离相遇：狗熊是避世的动物，他们倾向于回避人类。所以当你遇见他们时，你可以通过发出响声来使他们有时间避开你。例如唱歌或摇“狗熊铃”。留意狗熊的状况，哪一种响声会令它们可以接受。露营时要按有关要求储存好食物。所处的地方也要开阔，让狗熊能看到你（或你可以看到它）。狗要放在家里或带上绳索。当看到狗熊的踪迹时，要绕道而走，不要惊动他们。

Avoid close encounters. If you can prevent an encounter with a bear, the rest of the steps are unnecessary. Bears are reclusive creatures, and they generally prefer to steer clear of humans. You can help them to do so by announcing your presence when you’re exploring their home environment: talk loudly, sing, or carry "bear bells" so bears have time to escape you. Read up on bear behaviour to decide which of the "noise" methods you are comfortable with as there are different views by professionals on the effectiveness of making noise. Be sure to heed local bear advisories and practice proper food storage techniques while camping, and try to hike in open areas so that a bear can see you (or you can see it) from a distance. Leave dogs at home or keep them leashed. If you see bear tracks, make a detour or leave the area. Avoid surprising bears.

步骤2Steps 2

保持距离：当你远距离看到狗熊时（大约300尺），要赶快离开。如果你必须往前走，就要绕大弯。如果狗熊没有发现你，你就不要打搅它，要静静地离开，然后再弄一些响声避免再与它相遇。如果狗熊看见了你，就要开始用一种低沉、冷静的声音说话（不在乎你说什么）并慢慢地后退。眼睛看着它，但不要与它的眼睛直接对望。你的目的是要告诉它你 是人(就是你是可以防卫自己，并且不会惊恐的)，你不会威胁到它，并且正在离开它的领地。

Keep your distance. If you see a bear from a long distance (greater than 300 feet), leave the area. If you need to continue on, make a wide detour around the bear. If the bear has not seen you, do not disturb it: retreat calmly and quietly, and then make ample noise when you are well away to prevent future chance encounters. If the bear sees you, begin speaking in a low, calm voice (it doesn’t matter what you say) and retreat slowly, keeping an eye on the bear but avoiding direct eye contact. Your goal is to communicate to the bear that you are human (i.e. that you can defend yourself and are not frightened) while also letting it know that you are non-threatening, and that you are leaving its territory.

步骤3 Steps 3

当狗熊向你进攻时，要站立起来，。如果狗熊在300尺之内看见你，，或正在靠近你，你要保持冷静并将自己弄得看起来越大越好。要原地站住并不要显得惊慌。试着慢慢地向后退，但不要跑。同时柔声说话。如果你后退时，狗熊仍向你走来，你就要停下，并原地站住。稍大一点声说话，声音要深沉、冷静，并挥动手臂，让你看起来更大一些。眼睛看着它，但不要与它的眼睛直接对望，因为这会使它认为你是在挑战它。不要蹲下，也不要装死，因为这会显得你害怕或软弱。如果狗熊进攻你，你要鼓起全部的勇气呆着不动。这一进攻只是虚张声势，当你站在原地不动时，狗熊就会掉头离开。

Stand tall, even if the bear charges you. If the bear sees you and is closer than 300 feet, or if the bear is approaching you, remain calm and try to look as large as possible. Stand your ground and try not to look frightened. Try to back away slowly—do not run—and speak softly. If the bear continues to approach as you back away, stop and stand your ground. Speak more loudly in a deep, calm voice, and wave you arms to make yourself look bigger. Keep an eye on the bear, but avoid direct eye contact, this can be interpreted as a challenge by the bear. Do not be aggressive, but do not crouch down, play dead or otherwise show fear or vulnerability. If the bear charges you, muster all your courage and stay where you are: the charge is most likely a bluff, and if you stand your ground the bear will turn away.

步骤4 Steps 4

认识你的狗熊：遇见狗熊时逃生的步骤取决于它的品种。北美有三种狗熊：棕熊、黑熊和北极熊。北极熊比较容易识别，也局限在北极地区。大灰熊和黑熊不容易仅靠颜色来辨认。大灰熊可重达800磅。它们的肩膀有一突出的肉团，而臀部低于肩膀。黑熊稍小一点（大约400磅），臀布高于或与肩膀差不多高。如果看地上的脚印，大灰熊的爪与爪较为分开，而黑熊则较为靠近。

Know your bear. The steps you take to survive an encounter with a bear will depend in part on the type of bear. North America has three kinds of bears: brown bears, black bears, and polar bears. Polar bears, of course, are easily recognizable, and their range is limited to the far northern latitudes. Grizzlies and black bears cannot necessarily be differentiated by their colors. Grizzly bears can weigh up to and over 800 lbs., and they are distinguished by a prominent shoulder hump and a rump lower than the shoulder. Black bears are typically smaller (up to 400 lbs.), and have a rump higher than or at roughly the same level as the shoulder. If you see tracks, grizzly bears have claw marks well separated from the paw imprints, while black bears’  claw marks will be quite close to the paw imprint.

5

步骤5 Steps 5

清楚狗熊的动机：明白一个小狗熊的心理模式可以有很大的帮助。你对狗熊攻击的反应可以根据它的动机来调整。首先，如果一个狗熊对你尾随（例如：一会消失，一会出现），或如果它在晚间攻击你，通常它是把你当成食物，这些攻击就属于猎食行为。如果你吃惊地发现它在小道上，或带着小熊，或者坐在它的猎物旁边，或保护它的猎物，这很可能就属于自卫了。

Understand the bear's motivations. A little bear psychology can go a long way—your response to an attack should be shaped by the bear’s motivations. First, if a bear appears to be stalking you (disappearing and reappearing, for example), or if a bear attacks at night, it most likely sees you as food, and any attack will be predatory. If you surprise a bear on the trail, if the bear has cubs, or if the bear is eating from or protecting a carcass, the bear will most likely be acting in self-defense.

5.      

步骤6 Steps 6

根据环境作出适当反应Respond appropriately based on the situation:

·                                                         如果一个大灰熊或北极熊作了一个非猎食的攻击： 就要装死。如果狗熊（不是黑熊）是因为自卫而攻击（这很可能就救了你自己），就可以轻松地平躺在地上装死。只有在狗熊试图与你接近或试图这样做之后才这样做。（过去，狗熊专家建议用把身体卷起来的姿势倒在地上。但研究发现，这样做 只会让狗熊轻易地把你翻转过来。）平躺在地上装死，可以让地面保护你身体的重要部位，同时将你的手放在颈后让手臂保护你的颈。脚要合在一起，并不要挣扎。一旦狗熊离开你，你要等几分钟，仔细观察一下，看看狗熊是否还在附近。狗熊会回头看你，如果你在动，它就会回来。

·                                                         If a grizzly or polar bear makes a non-predatory attack: Play dead. If the bear (other than a  black bear) is attacking you in self-defense, you can put it at ease (and possibly save yourself) by playing dead by lying completely flat on the ground. Do so only after the bear makes contact with you or tries to do so. (In the past, bear experts recommended that one fall to the ground in a fetal position but researchers have since proven that doing this only allows the bear to easily flip over the human in question.) To play dead, lie flat on the ground protecting your vital parts with the ground, and your arms protecting your neck with your hands laced behind the neck. ，Keep your legs together and do not struggle. Once the bear leaves your immediate vicinity, wait several minutes before carefully looking to see if the bear is still around. A bear may look back and may return if it sees you moving.

·                                                         如果狗熊是属于作猎食的攻击，或者攻击你的是黑熊：你就要反击。反击黑熊或任何的作猎食攻击。如果那是一头黑熊，或如果你判断狗熊是在觅食（实际上，这种情况很少发生，而且更多的发生在黑熊和北极熊身上。）你逃生的唯一机会是反击或立刻逃跑。用手头上的任何东西，如石块、瓦罐、锅、树枝或拳头来击打它。这种情况可能看起来赢的机会很渺小，但总的来说，狗熊不会把人当猎物。而且，那些攻击的狗熊，通常都是属于幼稚、饥饿或受伤的，他们很容易因着你的击打就害怕地逃跑了。

·                                                         If any bear makes a predatory attack or you receive any attack from a black bear: Fight 一back. Fight a black bear attack or any predatory attack. If the bear is a black bear, or if you have determined that the bear sees you as food (this is actually quite rare, and more common with black bears and, some say, polar bears than with grizzlies), your only chance of escape is to fight it or scare it away. Hit the bear with rocks, pots, pans, sticks or fists—anything handy. The odds may seem against you in a fight, but bears generally do not see humans as prey, and a bear that makes a predatory attacks is usually immature, starving, or wounded, and may easily be scared away if you hit it

         

步骤7 Steps 7

考虑紧急的逃生技能Consider last minute escape techniques:

·                                                         只在合适的情形下才爬上树。黑熊是攀爬能手。所以爬树对你并没有什么好处。大灰熊也会爬一点点，大约离地12尺的树上。只有在遇上大灰熊并且你有信心可以在狗熊接近你的时候爬上一棵壮实的树（至少15尺，但最好30尺）。狗熊出奇的跑得快（黑熊和大灰熊可以跑得像马一样快，大约每小时50公里），因此不要与狗熊赛跑爬树--你是会输掉的。这种方式只在你靠近一棵树，或 你是一个爬树能手是采用。

·                                                         Climb a tree only under the right circumstances. Black bears are adept climbers, so climbing a tree will do you no good with one of  them. Grizzlies, too, can climb a little, and they can reach up to 12 feet into the tree from the ground. Only consider climbing a tree if you encounter a  grizzly and you are confident you can make it well up (at least 15 feet, but preferably 30 feet) into a sturdy tree by the time the bear reaches you. Bears are incredibly fast (black bears and grizzlies can run as fast as a horse, about 50 km/h), so do not try to race a bear to a tree—you will lose. This approach is usually only viable if you are right next to the tree, and you’re a good climber.

·                                                         当它们已经很近距离时（8尺以内），须向旁边跳开。四条腿的动物有着更宽的重心，所以不会象你和我那样很快地转身。不要绕着圈跑，但如果在开阔地（平原或田野），也不要直直地跑开，因为狗熊跑得比你更快。向左和向右跑来迫使狗熊改变方向。不要戏弄狗熊，因为这会消耗宝贵的精力。

·                                                         Sidestep advances if they're closing in within a relatively short distance (<8 feet). Bears and other 4 legged animals have a wider center of gravity, and hence can't make turns quite as sharp as you or me. Don't just run in circles however, but if engaged in an open area (plains or field), do not run directly away from the bear as they're generally faster. Move left and right where applicable to force the bear to change direction. Do not taunt the bear, however, as it drains vital energy.